Human–Wildlife Conflicts and Conservation Strategies in the Buffer Zones of Chitwan National Park

Abstract

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is an escalating issue in conservation science, especially in regions where human settlements interface with protected natural habitats. In Nepal’s Chitwan National Park (CNP), which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the buffer zones have become key battlegrounds for the coexistence of humans and wildlife. This paper examines the underlying causes, frequency, and impacts of human–wildlife conflicts in the buffer zones of CNP, and evaluates current mitigation strategies with an aim to suggest holistic, community-inclusive solutions. The study uses qualitative and quantitative methodologies including literature review, interviews with local stakeholders, and field observation. It concludes with policy-level recommendations for sustainable conservation and cohabitation strategies.